Monday, 21 September 2015
REIMER-TIEMANN REACTION:-
The Reimer-Tiemann reaction is an organic reaction used to convert a phenol to an o-hydroxy benzalde-hyde using chloroform, a base, and acid work-up. The mechanism begins with abstraction of the proton from chloroform with the base to form a trichlorocarbanion which spontaneously loses a chloride ion to form a neutral dichlorocarbene. The base also deprotonates the phenol reagent which then attacks the carbene. A series of steps and a final acid work-up result in the o-hydroxy benzaldehyde product.
AMINO ACIDS:-
Amino acids are biologically important organic compounds made from amine (-NH2) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side-chain specific to each amino acid. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, though other elements are found in the side-chains of certain amino acids. About 500 amino acids are known and can be classified in many ways. Structurally they can be classified according to the functional groups' locations as alpha- (α-), beta- (β-), gamma- (γ-) or delta- (δ-) amino acids; other categories relate to polarity, pH level, and side chain group type (aliphatic, acyclic, aromatic, containing hydroxyl or sulfur, etc.) In the form of proteins, amino acids comprise the second largest component (after water) of human muscles, cells and other tissues.Outside proteins, amino acids perform critical roles in processes such as neurotransmitter transport and biosynthesis.
SAWHORSE AND NEWMAN PROJECTIONS:-
A Newman projection, useful in alkane stereochemistry, visualizes chemical conformations of a carbon-carbon chemical bond from front to back, with the front carbon represented by a dot and the back carbon as a circle (see below). The front carbon atom is called proximal, while the back atom is called distal. This type of representation is useful for assessing the torsional angle between bonds.
ARNDT-EISTERT SYNTHESIS....
(reaction to increase a carbon in carbon chain)
The Arndt-Eistert Synthesis allows the formation of homologated carboxylic acids or their derivatives by reaction of the activated carboxylic acids with diazomethane and subsequent Wolff-Rearrangement of the intermediate diazoketones in the presence of nucleophiles such as water, alcohols, or amines.
The Arndt-Eistert Synthesis allows the formation of homologated carboxylic acids or their derivatives by reaction of the activated carboxylic acids with diazomethane and subsequent Wolff-Rearrangement of the intermediate diazoketones in the presence of nucleophiles such as water, alcohols, or amines.
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